KATHAKALI PICS

KATHAKALI --- GREAT DRAMA DANCE OF KERALA

KATHAKALI

Kathakali is the classical dance-drama of Kerala, one of the most beautifull state situated in India, which dates from the 17th century and is rooted in Hindu mythology. Kathakali has a unique combination of literature, music, painting, acting and dance. In the following pages we have placed photographs and videos of Kathakali performances and songs by famous Kathakali singers

ORIGIN

Kathakali originated from Ramanattom (“Raman”= the hindu god, Sri Rama; “attom”= enactment”) and Krishnanattom ("Krishnan"= the hindu god, Krishna; “attom”= enactment). History has it that Raja (ruler) of Kottarakkara (a province in Kerala) sculpted Ramanattom when the Zamorin (then ruler of Kozhikode, another province in Kerala) refused to allow a performance of Krishnanattom in the former’s palace. Subsequently, Kottayam Thampuran (ruler of Kottayam, another province in Kerala) composed several plays on Mahabharatha thereby making these distinct from stories based on Ramanattom. Thus, Kathakali was born. Kathakali shares a lot of similarities to both Ramanattom and Krishnanattom. But it also incorporated several outside elements, which is thought to have contributed to its popularity. In particular, the increasing use of Malayalam, which is the local language (albeit as a mix of Sanskrit and Malayalam, called Manipravaalam) made it more popular among the masses. During its evolution, Kathakali also imbibed elements from folk and martial arts which existed at the time in Kerala. Characters with vividly painted faces and elaborate costumes re-enact stories from the Hindu epics, Mahabharatha and Ramayana. Kathakali is featured in the award-winning Indo-French-German produced film Vaanaprastham. Kathakali is traditionally performed in the Hindu temple, but nowadays may also be seen in theatre performances.

THE PLAY

Traditionally there are 101 classical Kathakali stories. Most of them were initially composed to last a whole night. Nowadays there is increasing popularity for concise versions of every story (lasting 2-4 hours instead of a whole night), which has been made by selecting the most dramatic or popular portions of individual stories. In spite of being a classical art form, Kathakali can be appreciated by novices and connoisseurs. This is because of the frequent use of “Lokadharmi” (or the elaboration of folk elements)which allows novices to gain a foothold when they start watching Kathakali. In contrast “Natyadharmi” (which is based on the Natyasastra-the science of Natya and is the more classical component of the art form) delights the experience of novices and connoisseurs alike. It is good to have an idea of the story being enacted. This will help the spectators to appreciate the “personalization” of characters by individual actors. In fact one of the major attractions for traditional Kathakali connoisseurs is their ability to distinguish and debate on the "personalizations" that each actor brings about in his depiction of the story. Often this is a challenging task as most the characters ans stories are derived from Hindu epics, which are memorized for people from that region. Success/ failure of amateur Kathakali artistes is often decided by their sensibility to successfully personalize characters.
The most popular stories enacted are Nala Charitam (a story from the Mahabharata, Duryodhana Vadham (a story from the Mahabharata), Kalyanasowgandhikam (the story of Bhima going to get flowers for Panchali, from the Mahabharata), Keechaka Vadham (another story of Bhima and Panchali, from the Mahabharata), Kiratham (Arjuna and Lord Shiva's fight, from the Mahabharata), Karna Shapadham (another story from Mahabharata).
Recently, as part of an attempt at popularizing the art, stories from other cultures, such as the story of Mary Magdalene from the Bible, and Shakespeare's King Lear have also been adapted into Kathakali scripts

KATHAKALI MUSIC

The language of the songs used for Kathakali is a mix of Malayalam and Sanskrit. called Manipravaalam. Even though the songs are set for “ragas” based on South Indian Classical Music” (Karnatic Music), there is a distinct style of rendition, which is known as the “sopanam” style. The Sopanam style incorporates the moods of temple songs which used to be sung (continues even now at some temples) at the time when Kathakali was born

MAKE UP

One of the most interesting aspects of Kathakali is its elaborate make-up code. Most often, the make-up can be classified into five basic sets namely Pacha, Kathi, Kari, Thaadi, and Minukku. The differences between these sets are the predominant colors that are applied on the face. Pacha (Pacha=green)has green as the dominant color and is used to portray noble male charcaters who is said to have a mixture of "Satvik" (pious)and "Rajasic" (kingly)nature. Rajasic characters having an evil streak ("tamasic"= evil), such as the demon king Ravana, are portrayed with red as the predominant color in a green background. Excessively evil characters such as demons (totally tamasic) have a predominantly red make-up and a red beard. They are called Chuvanna Thaadi(Red Beard). Tamasic characters such as uncivilized hunters are represented with a predominantly black make-up base and a black beard and are called Kari/ Karutha Thaadi (meaning black beard). Women and ascetics have lustrous, yellowish faces and form the fifth class. In addition there are modifications of the five basic sets described above such as Vella Thaadi (white beard) used to depict Hanuman (the monkey god) and Pazhuppe, which is used for the Sun God.
The make up is made from various mineral ores and pigments. They are ground on a stone and mixed with coconut oil before being applied on the face. Some characters also have their features enhanced, such as an enlarged nose or an elaborate mustache. There are made using elaborately cut paper which is stuck to the face with a mixture of rice paste and calcium carbonate. Dancers also often place a "chundanga seed" ( variety of eggplant which bears small fruits) under their lower eyelid before the performance to turn the white of their eyes red. In fact the "chundanga" is not really a seed and is prepared by removing the ovaries at the base of the flowers of this plant. The procedure used for preparing these seeds involves the rubbing of a bunch of these in your palm until they become black (starting from a white color) and nearly dehydrated. They often last long enough for a season (of around four months) in this condition.

PERFOMANCE

Traditionally, a Kathakali performance is usually conducted at night and ends in early morning. Nowadays it is not difficult to see performances as short as 3 hours. Kathakali is usually performed in front of a Kalivilakku (“kali”= dance; “vilakku”= lamp). Traditionally, the lamp used to provide light when the plays used to be performed inside temples, houses of nobles and palaces. Enactment of a play by actors takes place to the accompaniment of music (geetha) and instruments (vadya). The percussion instruments used are Chenda, Maddalam and Edakka. In addition the singers (usually the lead singer is called “ponnani” and his follower is called “singidi”) use "Chengala" (a round disc made of bell metal, which can be struck with a wooden stick) and "Ilathaalom" (a pair of cymbals). The lead singer in some sense uses the Chengala to conduct the Vadyam and Geetha components, just as a conductor uses his wand in western classical music. A distinguishing characteristic of this art form is that the actors never speak and use hand gestures, expressions and rhythmic dancing instead of dialogue

ACTING

stamina, gained from training based on Kalaripayattu, the ancient martial art of Kerala, to prepare for his demanding role. Training can often last for 8-10 years. The training programme is intensive. In Kathakali, the story is enacted purely by the movements of the hands (called mudras or hand gestures) and by facial expressions (rasas) and bodily movements. The expressions are derived from Natyasatra (the science of expressions) and are classified into nine as in most Indian classical art forms. Dancers also undergo special practice sessions to learn control of their eye movements.
There are 24 main mudras and numerous other lesser mudras. Each can again can be classified into 'Samaana-mudras'(one mudra symbolizing two entities) or misra-mudras (both the hands are used to show these mudras). The mudras are a form of sign language used to tell the story.
The main facial expressions of a Kathakali artist are the 'navarasams' ( 'Navarasas' in anglicised form )(literal translation: Nine Tastes, but more loosely translated as nine feelings or expressions) which are Sringaaram (amour), Haasyam (ridicule, humour), Bhayam (fear), Karunam (pathos), Rowdram (anger, wrath), Veeram (valour), Beebhatsam (disgust), Adbhutham (wonder, amazement), Saantham (tranquility, peace).

MUDRAS

mudrā (Sanskrit, मुद्रा, literally "seal") is a symbolic gesture usually made with the hand or fingers. Along with āsanas (seated postures), they are employed in the yoga meditation practice of Hinduism. Each mudrā has a specific quality that is said to be imparted to the practitioner, and they are a central part of Hindu iconography. With the onset of Buddhism, many mudrā practices were absorbed into the culture. Common hand gestures are to be seen in both Hindu and Buddhist iconography. An example of a mudra done with the hands would be the outward-facing open palm known as Abhaya (without fear) mudrā, a gesture meant to dispel the fear of the devotee. An example of a mudra done without the hands would be Kechari mudra, done with the tongue.

TYPES OF MUDRAS

• ABHAYA MUDRA

The Abhaya "No-fear" Mudrā represents protection, peace, benevolence, and dispelling of fear. In the Theravāda it is usually made with the right hand raised to the shoulder's height, the arm bent and the palm facing outward with the fingers upright and joined and the left hand hanging down on the right side of the body while standing. In Thailand and Laos this mudrā is associated with the walking Buddha often shown having both hands making a double Abhaya mudrā that is uniform. The mudrā was probably used before the onset of Buddhism as a symbol of good intentions proposing friendship when approaching strangers. In Gandhāra Art it is seen used during showing the action of preaching and also seen in China during the Wei and Sui eras of the 4th and 7th centuries. The gesture was used by the Buddha when attacked by an elephant, subduing it as shown in several frescoes and scripts

• BHUMI SPARSA MUDRA

The Bhūmisparśa "Earth-touching" Mudrā literally represents the Buddha as taking the earth as witness. It represents the moment when Buddha took the earth as testimony when he had resolved the problem of cessation of suffering while he was under the peepal tree at Bodh-Gaya. Usually represented by the historical Buddha in the lotus position. The right hand touches the ground with the fingertips near the right knee extended or with only the index pointing down touching the ground with the left hand commonly resting on the lap with the palm facing up

• DHARMA CHAKRA MUDRA

The Dharmachakra Mudrā represents a central moment in the life of Buddha when he preached his first sermon after his Enlightenment, in Deer Park in Sarnath. Gautam Buddha is generally only shown making this Mudrā, save Maitrey as the dispenser of the Law. This Mudrā position represents the turning of the wheel of the Dharma. Dharmacakra Mudrā is formed when two hands close together in front of the chest in Vitarka having the right palm forward and the left palm upward, sometimes facing the chest. There are several variants such as in the frescoes of Ajanta, India the two hands are separated, and the fingers do not touch. In the Indo-Greek style of Gandhāra the clenched fist of the right hand seemingly overlie the fingers joined to the thumb on the left hand. In pictorials of Horyu-ji in Japan the right hand is superimposed on the left.

• DHYANA MUDRA

The Dhyāna Mudrā is the gesture of meditation, of the concentration of the Good Law and the Sangha. The two hands are placed on the lap, right hand on left with fingers fully stretched and the palms facing upwards, forming a triangle, symbolic of the spiritual fire or the Triratna, the three jewels

• VARADA MUDRA

The Varada Mudrā signifies offering, welcome, charity, giving, compassion and sincerity. It is nearly always used with the left hand for those whom devote oneself to human salvation. It can be made with the arm crooked the palm offered slightly turned up or in the case of the arm facing down the palm presented with the fingers upright or slightly bent. The Varada Mudrā is rarely seen without using another mudra used by the right hand, typically with the Abhaya Mudrā

MORE DETAILS WILL BE ADDED SOON

5 YOGA TIPS

YOGA TIPS

• 
  To get started you need to have the urge and confidence in yourself.
  


• To practice Yoga you must choose a place which is calm, quiet, ventilated, dust free, moisture free and distraction free.
  


• Before you start Yoga, you must clear your bowels and bladder; clean your nostrils and throat of all mucus. You must also drink a glass of lukewarm water.
  


• Wait for a few minutes and then you can start.
  


• Like all other work outs you must begin with easy poses, thereafter you can advance to the tough ones. Be methodical and systematic.
  


• Remember, to start with your movements should be light and if you feel fatigue in between you must discontinue.
  


• Yoga must energize and not cause weariness and depression.
  


• You must take breaks in between if a particular step or exercise proves tiring.
  


• If you practice Yoga, your diet should be a balanced and you should eat after an interval of 4 hours.
  


• The quantity of food should be such that it satisfies your appetite.
  Over eating and fasting should be avoided. At the same time you must try to avoid stale food.
  


• Yoga clothing should be loose and as comfortable as possible. Form-fitting cotton/Lycra pants and shirts are the best.
  


• While performing Yoga your breathing should be long and deep. You must remember to keep your mouth close and inhale and exhale only through the nose.
  


• You should always keep a Yoga mat made of some comfortable materials. For lying postures use a woolen carpet, and spread a clean sheet over it.


• The most appropriate time for practicing Yoga is in the morning. It is the time when the mind is calm, composed and fresh and the body movements can be performed with considerable ease and vigor.

4 YOGA

WHAT IS YOGA

The word Yoga comes from the Sanskrit word "Yuj" meaning to yoke, join or unite. This implies joining or integrating all aspects of the individual - body with mind and mind with soul - to achieve a happy, balanced and useful life, and spiritually, uniting the individual with the supreme.
In India, Yoga is considered one of the six branches of classical philosophy and is referred to throughout the Vedas - ancient Indian scriptures and amongst the oldest texts in existence.The Upanishads are also broadly philosophical treatises which postdate the Vedas and deal with the nature of the "soul" and universe.
However, the origins of yoga are believed to be much older than that, stemming from the oral traditions of Yogis, where knowledge of Yoga was handed down from Guru (spiritual teacher) to Sisya (spiritual student) all the way back to the originators of Yoga, "the Rishis," who first began investigation into the nature of reality and man's inner world.
Legend has it that knowledge of Yoga was first passed by Lord Shiva to his wife Parvati and from there into the lives of men.

PATHS OF YOGA

There are said to be 4 main paths (Margas), according to the Bhagavad Gita, by which to reach the ultimate goal of Yoga - "Kaivalya." There is the path of Knowledge (Jnana Marga) in which one learns to discriminate between what is real and what is illusory, the path of selfless work (Karma marga), the path of devotion (Bhakti Marga) and the path of control of the mind (Yoga Marga) where all the activities of the mind and consciousness are studied and brought under control. From these have come the various paths of yoga which can be followed

• Raja yoga involves mastery of the mind and senses in Samadhi; essentially the advanced aspects of Patanjali's astanga yoga.
  


• Hatha yoga is the yoga of the will which involves cultivating ones energy to arouse Kundalini primarily by means of asana and pranayama.
  


• Mantra yoga involves reciting sacred syllables to reach perfection.
  


• Laya yoga involves absorption in god to experience ultimate bliss.
  


• Bhakti yoga requires absolute devotion to god to achieve the ultimate goal.
  


• Karma yoga achieves this through selfless work without thought of personal reward.
  


• Jnana yoga is the yoga of knowledge cultivating the discrimination between spiritual reality and the illusion of the material world.

YOGA SUTHRAS OF PATANJALI

The varied philosophies and methodologies of Yoga itself were clearly and methodically brought together and presented by the sage Patanjali in his set of 196 aphorisms called "The Yoga Sutras," written some 2200 years ago. The Sutras bring together all the various strands of theory and practice from all sources of yoga and present them in one concise, integrated and comprehensive text. How all the aspects interrelate and form part of the whole body of yoga are clearly elucidated. There are 8 disciplines to yoga as presented by Patanjali (thus Astanga yoga - 8 limbed yoga) which must be practiced and refined in order to perceive the true self- the ultimate goal of Yoga:

Yama - Universal ethics: Non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, sexual restraint and non-acquisitiveness.

Niyama - Principles of self conduct: purity, contentment, intense dedication or austerity, study of self and scriptures and self-surrender.

Asana - practice of the postures.

Pranayama - Breath control.

Pratyahara - withdrawal and control of the senses.

Dharana - concentration.

Dhyana - meditation.

Samadhi - a state of higher consciousness where the sense of self (ego) dissolves in the object of meditation and the individual self exists in its own pure nature.

TYPES OF YOGA

• BHAKTI YOGA


• PURNA YOGA


• HATHA YOGA


• JNANA YOGA


• KARMA YOGA


• KUNDALINI YOGA


• MANTRA YOGA


• RAJ YOGA

BHAKTI YOGA

In this section of Yoga types, different Yoga styles and Yoga paths have been discussed. The prominent Yoga types or Yoga styles are Bhakti Yoga, Hatha Yoga, Jnana Yoga, Karma Yoga, Kundalini Yoga, Mantra Yoga, Purna Yoga and Raja Yoga. Though all the above Yoga styles are popular among the Yoga followers but the Kundalini Yoga type is most sought after in the west. It is interesting to note that different Yoga types have their unique virtues. Some Yoga styles are useful for physical strength whereas some are useful for increasing mental prowess. Bhakti Yoga emphasizes love and devotion whereas Hatha Yoga is an easy Yoga style and most popular in the US. Jnana Yoga highlights the use of the mind to surpass the mind i.e. to discern the mind. Karma Yoga lays emphasis on selfless action and service. Kundalini Yoga uses sexual experience as a means to enlightenment and knowledge. In the Mantra Yoga meditation one has to chant a word or a phrase until he/she transcends mind and emotions. Purna Yoga lays more emphasis on the importance of Karma in day today life. Raja Yoga provides solution for complete and holistic healing.

PURNA YOGA

Purna Yoga or integral yoga is said to be an improvisation over the traditional Yoga systems of India. It was thought that the traditional Yoga system revolved more around salvation and next life rather than the present one. The integral Yoga lays more emphasis on the importance of Karma in day today life. Purna Yoga gives Yoga a positive and dynamic form. Integral Yoga suggests three levels of integration- the integration of the inner, the integration of the human psyche with its external environment, and the integration of the psyche with its ultimate spiritual Ground. Purna Yoga is a world-affirmative and body-positive spirituality that skillfully combines self-transcendence with love, compassion, and veneration for all life. According to the Integral Yoga the ultimate goal of life is complete self-integration. This self-integration involves other important elements like action, love, wisdom and peace. The yoga of love or devotion (Bhakti yoga) is perfectly right in affirming love as the fulfillment of life and as an essential ingredient of salvation. It is important to note that Purna Yoga does not separate love from wisdom and selfless action. Love in its spiritual essence is an attribute of wisdom. Integral yoga points out that knowledge is inseparable from love and action but that action is not merely a means to self-purification resulting in salvation.

HATA YOGA

Hatha Yoga is an important Yoga type. Hatha Yoga is an easy form of Yoga and is very popular in the United States and other western countries. Hatha Yoga is said to be the basis of all Yoga systems. The word Hatha is made of two words, "Ha" and "Tha", Ha means "sun" and "Tha" means "moon." Thus, Hatha Yoga refers to positive (sun) and to negative (moon) currents in the system. The most suitable way to practice Hatha Yoga is to begin with a calm and meditative bent of mind. Sit quietly for a few moments and relax. Thereafter you can begin with the Hatha Yoga practice, slowly, with control and grace. While doing the asanas you must remember that you do not overstretch beyond a limit. Remember this is not a competition. Hatha yoga is a complete fitness program and will release endorphins in the brain as well as any regular exercise program. Hatha yoga is the physical part of Yoga practice. Hatha yoga lays emphasis on asanas, pranayama and dhyana (meditation). Another important facet of Yoga is that it aims at balancing different energy flows within the human body. About half of the nearly 200 Hatha Yoga asanas are popular in the West. The Hatha Yoga postures range from the basic to the complex, from the easy ones to the very challenging. Every movement in Yoga is planned and controlled as a result of that they prove revitalizing for both mind and body. Hatha Yoga exercises are intended to ease tense muscles, to tone up the internal organs, and to improve the body flexibility. The aim of accurate Yoga exercise is to improve flexibility and strength of the body. When practiced in combination with breathing techniques, Hatha yoga postures stimulate circulation, digestion, nervous and endocrine systems of the body.

JNANA YOGA

Another popular Yoga type is the Jnana Yoga. Jnana Yoga emphasizes the use of the mind to surpass the mind i.e. to discern the mind. The aim of Jnana Yoga is to endeavor ceaselessly to explore knowledge and to know and understand. Jnana Yoga is eight-limbed, and its other seven limbs are detachment, self-discipline, longing for freedom, hearing the truth, reflection upon that truth, and meditation. Jnana Yoga aims at attaining liberation through knowledge and not by rituals and ceremonies. Knowledge attained by Jnana Yoga is through understanding of judgment and experience. It is not that everyone is knowledgeable. Knowledge is only for the special few who are prepared for sound examination and clear discernment of the nature of Consciousness. The individual who chooses the path Of Jnana Yoga to discern knowledge goes through conclusions accumulated through millions of years. Afterwards the individual examines them in the light of his own intelligence and then comes to his own realization. In deep meditation, the knowledge seeker reflects the distinctiveness of Consciousness in manifestation. After going through this rigorous process of Jnana Yoga the knowledge seeker gains insight and perfect realization.

KARMA YOGA

Karma Yoga lays emphasis on selfless action and service. The underlying message of Karma Yoga is very clear- humans must always work in harmony with the great power that controls and runs the universe. If we follow this we are no longer egotistically motivated. At the same time we no longer maintain obsessive desires in relation to the future. With the eradication of compulsive or obsessive desire, we are able to live in the present and at the same time can plan for the future. This planning about future is independent of boundation to the future. We all know that every logical desire carries within itself the motive force for its fulfillment i.e. while doing different works we tend to think about their results in future. In the process we are subconsciously pushed towards it or attract it to ourselves. The most important aspect of the Yogic philosophy is that it is not against intelligent planning. It lays emphasis only on relinquishing egotistic desires. In this way we are more open to practical aspects of inner guidance. As we work with a cheerful attitude, doing what we are best suited to do, we know a harmony and an inner peace which those who strive and struggle can never know.

KUNDALINI YOGA

Kundalini Yoga system is remarkably different than most of the religious systems of the world. Most of the religious traditions look forward to maintaining celibacy to attain spiritual growth. It is mainly because of this attitude that the thought, sexual involvement is detrimental to a greater development of self, has come into being. On the other hand, Tantra yoga suggests that sexuality can be a very powerful force that should be harnessed for increased self-awareness and consciousness. Thus, Kundalini Yoga is curious, in that it not only allows sexual feelings and contact, but uses sexual experience as a means to enlightenment and knowledge. The Tantra school believes in the notion that if the enormous energy, trapped into sexuality, is released from the lower end of the spine, can flow up the spinal column to bring divine illumination to the brain. According to their belief, Kundalini energy flows in the interior of spine, along an energy channel called shushumna. The Kundalini energy is thought to be the most powerful of all supernatural energies. On the other side of the canal are two additional energy channels, one called "Ida" corresponding to the male, and the other the "Pingala" corresponding to the female. Ida is at the right of the base of the spine and the pingala is at the left side. After achieving mastery of self by relaxing body tension, silencing mental talk, and releasing energy blocks, an individual is ready to join with a partner having the same energy level. Together they form a "whole". To reach this position the partners must achieve a highly developed awareness within their being. In the Tantric lovemaking (maithuna), the partners undergo a diversity of meditations and rituals before making physical contact. It is of utmost importance that throughout the lovemaking process the partners must maintain the spiritual link. It is interesting to know that in the Tantric yoga, the partners do not aim at orgasm. On the other hand they try not to have one. In the process they draw the forces of Kundalini energy upward. It helps in releasing the power of various chakras. The process of "maithuna" is not aimed at the sexual release as an end, but on sex as a conduit through which the evolution of self may continue.

MANTRA YOGA

Mantras are words, phrases, or syllables which are chanted attentively and thoughtfully to attain certain goals. In the Mantra Yoga meditation one has to chant a word or a phrase until he/she transcends mind and emotions. In the process the super conscious is discovered and achieved. The rhythm and the meaning of mantras combine to conduct the mind safely back to the point of meditation- the higher consciousness or the specific spiritual focus. Different syllables, phrases and words posses their unique healing potential. Hence they are chanted at a specific time. As a tool to achieve stillness, the mantra is to be discarded at the moment stillness is achieved. Sometimes mantras are also applied to modify circumstances. In the chanting of the mantras it is of immense importance that they are pronounced properly or else all their intended effect would not come. For such purposes it is important that the proper pronunciation is imparted.

RAJ YOGA

An important branch of Yoga, Raja Yoga is a one stop solution for complete and holistic healing. Raja Yoga possesses the positive power of influencing the life of human beings. Raja Yoga synchronizes the physiological system as a whole as well as transforms all spheres (physical, mental, emotional, intellectual, occupational, social and spiritual) of human existence. Raja Yoga therapy is truly a holistic treatment as it heals the principal mechanisms and the control of the whole person. Raja Yoga helps an individual to mitigate emotional and mental conflicts. Raja Yoga also brings lasting peace and satisfaction in one's life. All these virtues make Raja Yoga a way of living. If a person is not healthy from inside he/she can't be called a complete healthy individual. Raja Yoga is of immense importance here as it heals a person from within as well. All systems of human beings get transformed through Raja Yoga practice. Raja Yoga not only transforms the body but also the brain, which completely harmonizes the individual. Being a self initiated technique, Raja Yoga helps healing through activation of health promoting physiological and biochemical processes in the body. It is interesting to note that during the course of the Raja Yoga practice an individual comes into harmony with other human beings and environment. Raja Yoga practice prolongs human existence. Thus, Raja Yoga helps people to fulfill and achieve responsibilities in a balanced way.

3 AYURVEDIC TIPS

AYURVEDA

Ayurveda is the ancient Indian medical science, the origin of which can be traced back to more than 5000 years. The source of Ayurveda are the vedas , the oldest available classics.Ayurveda is a Sanskrit word, derived from two roots: ayur, which means life, and veda, which mean knowledge. It is fair to say that Ayurveda is the science of life.Ayurveda is a science dealing not only with treatment of some diseases but is a complete way of life. It is only system of medicine which incorporates suggestions and remedies for both healthy and diseased people. Centuries before the World Health Organization recognized that health is not merely the physical well being and just the absence of disease, ayurveda was dealing with the mental, physical and social well being of an individual.

According to Ayurveda every individual is made up of five elements, namely:

Prithvi or earth.

Apa or water.

Tejas or fire.

Vayu or air.

Akash or space

The disease process:According to Ayurveda, health is a state of balance between the body, mind and consciousness. Within the body, Ayurveda recognizes the three doshas( bodily humors) vata, pitta and kapha; seven dhatus(tissues), blood, plasma, fat, muscle, bone, nerve, and reproductive; three malas(wastes), feces, urine and sweat; and agni, the energy of metabolism. Disease is a condition of disharmony in any of these factors. The root cause of imbalance, or disease, is an aggravation of dosha, vata-pitta-kapha


Ayurvedic healing teaches that there are three basic constitutional “types”: earthy Kapha, fiery Pitta, and airy Vata. Once you know your type (we are blends of all types, but one usually stand out), you can learn to analyze your personality and body type, and find out which foods, exercises, lifestyles--even jobs--are most beneficial for you. Here is an illuminating quiz to help you find your Ayurvedic type


WHICH AYURVEDIC TYPE OR LIFE ENERGY TYPE YOU ARE?

Take each statement, and assign the number that is most appropriate beside each one (0=never applies; 2=sometimes applies; 4=often applies).

VATA

• My skin is dry.
• I can’t seem to moisturize enough.
• I’m slim and can eat whatever I want without putting on weight.
• My digestion feels irregular: Sometimes I’m ravenous; sometimes I have no appetitite.
• I learn new things easily, but my long-term memory isn’t great. I am creative and enthusiastic.
• I give out so much energy that sometimes I need to rest up to recover. My energy levels fluctuate a lot.
• I dislike the cold, be it in weather, food, or drinks.
• My moods change easily.
• Stress makes me feel fearful and insecure.

SUBTOTAL SCORE:

PITTA

• I am of medium build and have a well-balanced shape.
• When I get indigestion, it tends to manifest as burning sensations.
• I love iced drinks, ice cream, and other cold foods.
• I have a large appetite and digest food very quickly. My mind is generally well-focused and alert.
• People consider me passionate, confident, and courageous.
• I don’t like heat much: It tires me, and I sweat easily.
• I tend to be impatient, and sometimes anger easily.
• I am determined, critical, and stubborn.
• I’m rarely daunted by a challenge.

SUBTOTAL SCORE:

KABHA

• I have a solid build.
• As a baby, I was big boned.
• My digestion is slow, and I feel heavy after eating.
• I gain weight easily and am slow to lose it.
• I am patient and even tempered.
• I’m able to remain calm and unruffled under stress.
• I feel I’m slower than others to grasp new concepts.
• Once I really learn something, I never forget it.
• Once I get going, I have loads of stamina, but I’m not a high-energy person.
• I have a caring, compassionate nature.
• I don’t like humidity and dampness, but I’m fine in very hot or very cold conditions.

SUBTOTAL SCORE:


Now add up each of your three dosha sub-totals, and insert the totals in the space below. Your highest score reveals your most active dosha.

• VATA:
• PITTA:
• KABHA:

AYURVEDIC DAILY LIFE STYLE:(DINACHARYA)

In order to keep the tridoshas in a state of healthy equlibrium and digestion & metabolism (agni) in proper order, Ayurveda prescribes for each individual a specific daily routine ( dina – day & acharya – behaviour). The various stages to this daily routine, influenced by the specifics of your prakriti, that will enable you to make the most out of your life, are :

WAKE UP


Since our biological clocks are attuned to the rising and setting of the sun, it is obviously better to awake at sunrise in perfect synchronisation to the natural clock. An ideal time to let the body cells soak in the strength of a tempered sun to be charged for the day. Drinking a glass of luke-warm water helps flush out all toxins accumulated overnight in the body

NATURAL URGES

The last portion of the night being ruled by vata – involved in the process of elimination – dawn is the best time to eliminate the body's physical waste. Proper elimination also helping remove the kapha that naturally accumulates overnight. Defecation once or twice daily is the best. Preferably not immediately after a meal. But urination then is wise. Examine your eliminations each morning and if you notice any disturbance indicating poor digestion, go on a fast. It will allow the body rest to correct the system before disease sets in. Never suppress the natural physical urges as elimination, hunger, thirst, sleep, sneezing, yawning, vomiting, flatus and ejaculation, for it will lead to discomfort and even disease


CLEANLINESS

Thorough washing of the limbs, face, mouth, eyes & nose purifies the bodies sense organs. Best done with a bath in clean water, it should accompany brushing of the teeth (should be repeated after every meal), scraping off a toxicated coating of ama from the tongue, occasional gargling of salt water with a pinch of turmeric to keep gums, mouth & throat healthy, proper cleaning of the nose and the ears and washing the eyes with warm water held in mouth for moments (saliva being very good for the eyes). Keep your hair trimmed, nails filed and wear clean clothes. Feel free to use perfumes in moderation and feel good.


EXCERCISE

Either passive like massage or active like aerobics or both as in yoga postures, regular exercise increases the body's stamina and resistance to disease by facilitating the immune system, clearing all channels, promoting circulation & waste disposal, and destroying fat. Done regularly, it can reduce anxiety but become addictive. Depending on age & body type, kaphas can go for heavy exercises, pittas should do it in moderation and vatas should perform yoga and not aerobics. Never exert more than half your capacity, during illness, just after a meal and without rhythmic breathing. Swimming, walking and even laughing are excellent options.



MASSAGE



Necessary for every person, a regular self-massage with herbal oils is usually adequate but needs to be supplemented with professional attention occasionally. It makes the skin supple, controls vata by reducing its cold, dry, light, rough & erratic qualities, enhances blood circulation, encourages quicker removal of metabolic wastes and relaxes the body. Follow the normal direction of hair growth, use a little extra oil over the body's vital parts, massage the scalp and head at least weekly and just the soles of your feet if short of time.


MEDITATION

Ideal for disciplining the mind and removing stress & strain, it is best done after a quick bath to cleanse yourself. Critical in satisfying the mind's hunger, when done well it is so nourishing that even the body can survive on less. Control of desire, or mental hunger, is the key to longevity and immortality. Anything can be meditation so long it is sincere and heartfelt. The simplest and healthiest involves the sun and its golden colour is deemed the most nourishing and productive. While this routine acts as a critical shield of defence against the destabilising influences of an external environment, by using selective choice in some of the other factors mentioned below you can easily improve upon the condition of your total health.

CLOTHING

In shielding from extreme temperatures, it tends to reflect the temperament of the wearer in a society showing growing preponderance of the same. Should always be light & airy, and made of natural fibres as cotton, wool, linen or silk. Always wear clean, and never anyone else's except that of a saint. Since energy is brought into the body through the crown of the head and exits from the soles of the feet – extracting abnormal heat from the system – the polluted energy usually collects in the footwear. So avoid wearing other's footwear, try not to take shoes into the house and walk barefoot whenever possible. And wooden sandals are more healthy than animal skin or rubber shoes.



EMPLOYMENT


Since work consumes at least one-third part of our lives and success or failure in your profession affects self-confidence, self-worth, it is important that the nature of work should match well with your prakriti.
Vata people love work that requires sudden bursts of intense energy. But it tends to exhaust them also. So to balance it off, despite their dislike, they should be in routine jobs, slightly repetitive. Need a soothing home and work environment to smooth out their rough edges. They need adequate rest, specially in the afternoons. And should avoid places where the air is exceptionally cool and dry e.g. the freezing cold inside electronics manufacturing outfits or exceptionally dusty fertiliser mills. The ideal jobs must have enough excitement to hold their interest and sufficient routine to avoid imbalances.
Pitta people are very practical, making good administrators but not original thinkers. By nature aggressive and self-promoting, these realists see everything as a contest that has to be won. Insisting on being in the forefront of all activity, they cram as much work as they can, demanding perfect functioning from their bodies all the time. They do not take delays and obstacles to their plans well and must seriously try to be fair to and keep their professional and private lives separate. They should avoid work that is physically irritating or involves heat (as welding or metal casting) and listen more to others. They should ideally have sufficient challenge to keep them occupied without the stress of severe competition.

Innate Kapha stability and balance makes them great administrators. They must make a conscious effort bring in change or variety to their otherwise staid and routine lives. And ensure that even if work is not physically active, leisure is. Slow to get going in the morning, competition is good for them although they may find it stressful.




CHOICE OF PET

Often an extension of their owner's personalities, pets should ideally be chosen so as to have a therapeutic effect on your doshic imbalances.
Vatas get along famously with dogs, the canine's loveable, sloppy, open-heartedness reassuring and stabilising their cold, fearful, fickle nature. Some do well with small, furry high- strung animals as guinea pigs that arouse the maternal instincts in the owners.
The cat is the Pittas favourite. With strongly held opinions on most subjects, the feline presents continuous challenges, even with its movements.
Kaphas in turn prefer birds, the avian's light chirpiness helping offset some of the dosha's natural ponderousness. For some large dogs prove beneficial as the canine encourages them to exercise along with



CHOICE OF PARTNER

Ayurvedic wisdom suggests that like types make better mates because of similar mental processes, attitudes and sexual proclivities. Unfortunately, two people of similar dispositions are likely to have the same defects too. Choosing the right partner who will stimulate, inspire you to evolve into better individual thus becomes very important.


SLEEP

A state of physical inertia with mental relaxation, sleep promotes proper growth of the self. Night is the natural time to sleep and mid-day catnaps should not be more than 15 minutes long except for the very young, very old, very weak and those intoxicated, diseased, exhausted or traumatised. Avoid having a full meal just before retiring to bed. Sleeping on the right side is the most relaxing and good for yoga. On the left, it is most digestive and increases interest in food, sleep and sex. Sleeping on the back indirectly and on the stomach directly encourages disease. Sleeping with crown of the head facing east and feet into the west promotes the best meditative sleep. Washing the hands, feet & face just before improves sleep. Never sleep in the kitchen and go to bed only to sleep. 6 to 8 hours of daily sleep is essential. The ideal form of sleep is yoga – a state of complete physical inertness with retention of mental alertness & awareness




TIPS ON DIET

What we eat has a profound effect on our mind as well as the body. It is not only important as to what we eat but it is equally important as to how we eat. Following are a few tips on diet which help in getting the best out of what we eat.Fresh ginger with a small amount of salt should be taken 10 to 20 minutes before food.

• The diet, especially hard substances should be properly chewed


• Wherever possible intake of curd or buttermilk should follow food.


• The food should be tasty, fresh and good in appearance


• It should neither be very hot nor absolutely cold


• Water should be avoided at least 15 minutes before food. The quantity of water after food should be small. Let it be drunk often


• Heavy (Guru) food should be taken in a limited quantity.


• 
  Heavy food should not be taken at night. The proper time of night meal is two to three hours before going to bed. After night meal, it is better to go for a short walk, of say hundred steps.


• Heavy work or exercise should be avoided after food.


• After meals, heavy mental or physical work should be avoided. Some rest is advisable for proper digestion of food

TIPS ON SLEEP

Sleep is most important for maintenance of health and longevity for the human beings. It is appropriately called 'Jagaddhatri ' because of its mechanism of overcoming wear and tear of the body due to physical work and mental stress and tissue loss. Numerous researches have shown the adverse effects of lack of sleep on mind and body.

• One should sleep with head to the east or north.
  


• The bedroom should be absolutely clean, well ventilated and free from noise and disturbance.
  


• The bed must be neat clean and free from bugs.
  


• The bedroom should be draught free.
  


• One should avoid sleep when the brain is excited e.g. after reading, thinking, drinking etc.
  


• The mind must be as free from worldly affairs and worries as possible while going to bed.


• This may be achieved by praying to God at the time of going to bed.
  


• Sleeping late at night leads to ill health.
  


• A minimum of 7 hours sleep is required in 24 hours to repair the wear and tear of the body.


• Sleep during the day should be avoided as far as possible. However, if one keeps awake at night, he can take some sleep in the daytime. Day sleep is not contraindicated in summer but in winter the day sleep increases kapha thereby causing respiratory and digestive troubles.


• It is advisable to massage the head, soles and palms with oil before going to bed. By massage dreams can be controlled.

OBESITY

Obesity is technically defined as having a body weight in excess of 10% of the recommended weight for height. In practice though, being obese depends on the accepted cultural standards. People in the West are generally far more sensitive socially, as compared to the orient

CAUCES

Overeating, heavy food, cold food, excessive sleep, sleeping in the day and hormonal imbalances. Ayurveda believes that excess body weight is due to a weak digestive fire or the ‘agni’

REMEDIES

The main thrust is to improve the digestive fire with the use of appropriate herbs combined with the correct lifestyle.

Fasting is considered beneficial but care must be taken to avoid fruit juices during the fast. Vegetable juices and herbal teas should instead be taken.

Mild laxatives like Triphala (3-5 gm at bed time) or Aloe gel can be used.1 gm. of Guggul with ginger and honey taken three times a day is good.½ gm of Shilajeet with ginger and honey can also be taken three times a day.

Trikatu powder which is made with black pepper, long pepper and dry ginger is also very good for improving the digestive fire.Hot spices like cayenne, black pepper, ginger and garlic should be used in cooking.

Avoid fried and heavy foods.

Try to eat warm and freshly cooked meals.

Avoid sleeping in the day.

COMMON COLD

Common cold, true to its name continues to be one of the most common afflictions. According to Ayurveda it indicates the first stage in the breakdown of our bodily defenses.

REASONS

Colds and flues are generally Kapha (phlegm) diseases. Exposure to cold air, seasonal changes are Kapha increasing factors. Exposure to hot and cold conditions alternatively in a short period is also responsible, as for example having cold water or drink immediately after coming in from the sun.

REMEDIES

• An anti-Kapha diet should be taken. It should be warm, light and simple. Dairy products according to Ayurveda are Kapha promoting and should be avoided.
  Lemon and ginger juice can be taken with warm water and honey three times a day.
  


• A good formula can be made with equal parts basil, sandalwood and peppermint, 2- 3 tsps. put them in a cup of water bring to boil and then have it upto three times a day.
  


• Sitopaladi powder is an extremely effective remedy for common colds and problems of sinus congestion. The dose is 1-5 gm with honey, three times a day.
  


• Sweating is very helpful. One simple method is to induce sweating is to drink a hot cup of tea, and lie down in the bed and take some blanket and let the body sweat for 15 – 20 minutes.

ARTHRITIS AND JOINT PAINS

Arthritis is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world. Despite lot of research and effort, an effective cure has still eluded us. All that can be offered are the anti inflammatory and pain killers like Aspirin. According to Ayurveda arthritis is primarily a vata (air) disease which is due to accumulation of toxins in the joints and is known as amavata

SYMPTOMS

The main symptom of this disease is severe pain in the affected joints. The tissues in and around the joints become inflamed and movement of the joint becomes extremely painful. Untreated arthritis may lead to permanent deformity of the affected joints.

CAUSES

Causes include internal and external factors. It is more common in cold, damp and windy climates. Internally it is a condition which is related to low Agni (poor digestive fire) and poor digestion which leads to the accumulation of toxins (ama). The toxins (ama) produced in the colon are taken up by various parts of the body and depending on the site of deposition, it causes many diseases in the body. For example, if it deposits in the lungs, it causes cough and asthma, in the intestines it causes dysentery. When it deposits in the joints and at the same time there is aggravation of vata, that means if biological humor air is also disturbed, it results in a disease called amavata or arthritis.

REMEDIES

1. The first step in treatment is to burn up the accumulated toxins and this can be achieved by reviving the digestive fire.
   


2. Short fasting is very beneficial for digesting the ama.
   


3. Eating habits should be regularized and heavy, damp, ama forming foods should be avoided.
   


4. Hot spicy herbs can be very useful like, cayenne, cinnamon, dry ginger and galangal.
   


5. Hot gemstones such as ruby or garnet set in gold can be used.
   


6. Bake one or two egg plants (about 250gms.). Mash it properly and fry it in about 50ml. Castor oil. Some spices like cumin, coriander, turmeric and salt can be added to it while frying. This recipe can be taken once daily for two to three months. Adding two cloves of garlic while cooking makes it very beneficial.
   


7. Medicated oils used for massage are very helpful in relieving stiffness and pain in the joints, whole body massage with sesame or mustard oil helps to reduce the vata and thus reduce the pain.
   


8. Camphor, wintergreen and cinnamon oils are beneficial for external application. They can be combined with herbs like ashwagandha in sesame oil for external applications.
   


9. Daily use of the Ayurvedic compound Triphala is recommended to cleanse the colon.
   


10. Guggul is a very helpful herb for curing arthritis. It is most specific for cleaning and strengthening the bone tissue. If available it can be taken in one to 3gm dose twice a day after meals with warm water.
    


11. Taking 2gm turmeric powder twice a day along with warm water helps in curing arthritis.

CONSTIPATION

Constipation is a very common problem these a days. Our lives of constant rush, late nights and fat food habits have turned constipation into a problem of epidemic proportions. If a person does not pass stool at least once in 24 hours, he is considered to be constipated according to Ayurveda

CAUSES

Accumulation of toxins in the colon as evidenced by a coated tongue is considered to be the main pathology. The cause of constipation on a pyhsical level is dietary - eating food which is difficult to digest. Our lifestyle also is an important factor – sleeping late, rushing off to work in the morning without giving proper time for evacuation, excessive stimulation like watching lot of television etc. all lead to constipation

CHRONIC CONSTIPATION

Dietary issues should be looked at in the first place. The aim should be to have oily and bulky foods like, dairy products, whole grains, bran, raw fruits and vegetables. Fruit juices like prune and grape can be taken. Olive and sesame oil should be used

REMEDIES

• Triphala is a very famous Ayurvedic compound it consists of three tropical fruits, haritaki, amalaki, and bibhitaki. It is an excellent general colon cleanser and tonic as well as a Rasayan (rejuvenator). The normal dose is 5–15 gm. taken at bedtime with lukewarm water.
  


• Aloe gel 1-2 teaspoons three times a day is also good.
  Psyllium husk powder 1-2 teaspoons in warm water before sleeping is also very good.
  


• Strong laxatives like senna and rhubarb are good for acute constipation but should be used with caution. In the long run they can precipitate constipation.
  


• Enema – many cases of acute and chronic constipation which are not benefited by the above medications may requires enema therapy. A word of caution though; enema should only be undertaken under the guidance of an Ayurvedic expert only

ADD ON

• 
  The digestion must be improved with the use of light spices like, cumin seeds, coriander, turmeric powder, fennel and asafetida.
  


• Drinking a glass of warm milk at the time of going to bed helps in evacuation, the next morning.
  


• Do not stay up late in the night. Regulate your sleeping hours. Ayurveda advises to go to bed early and rise early.
  


• In the morning after waking up, drinking a glass or two of water, preferably warm water, and then waiting for a few minutes before going for evacuation helps in cleaning the bowels.
  


• Massaging the whole body with oil(abhayanga) once or twice a week and applying oil or ghee on the naval every day helps in curing constipation.

2 COOKING TIPS

EGGLESS CAKE


Always preheat oven to the required temperature before placing the cake in the oven.

Prick with a knitting needle or skewer to check if done. The needle should come out clean.

Never keep the batter too thick. The cake will turn out hard and dry

The cream used should always be chilled and beaten in sharp upward strokes to incorporate air.
Never overbeat.

While making butter icings, beat the butter well to make it light and fluffy. Then add sieved icing sugar and beat again. Add 2-3 drops lemon juice & colour and essence as required, and beat again.

Turn the cake tin around between baking if the oven is not distribution even heat and the cake is baking unevenly.

ICE CREAM

Always chill glasses before preparing the icecream in it. This way it will stay stiff longer.

Use aluminium containers instead of steel to set the icecream faster. Also, place a thick plactic sheet or spread some salt under the container to keep it from sticking to the floor of the freezer.

Never try to refreeze icecream which has melted completely due to reasons like electricity breakdown. The result will taste disastrous. Instead, add you favourite flavour or fruit and run in a mixie to make delicious milk shake.

For simple but extravagant looking topping, take 2-3 healthy strawberries. Make incisions vertically from tip to base, to form slices. But do not cut fully. Stop just below the base. Now press sideways gently, to form a fan shaped strawberry. Use as topping decor for cakes, icecreams, puddings, etc.

It is best to defrost the fridge before making icecream, so that the base of the container is not jammed, as also the icecream will set faster and better.

Crush chikki coarsely and use as nougat over cakes and icecreams. Use nuts of your choice

JAMS AND PICKLES

Always use glass, porcelain or china jars for picklings.

Make sure the lids can be secured tightly.

Never use wet spoons, ladles etc. to remove or handle pickle.

Moistures paves way for rotting.

Always press back remaining pickle with a rubber spatula or spoon back making sure under the
pickle is fully submerged the oil layer.

SNACKS


Drain and keep any extra channa dal aside after cooking. Chill and then add chopped onions, chutneys, coriander, salt, chopped cucumber and tomatoes. Serve chilled as bhel with cups of steaming hot tea.

If batter of any bhajias tends to become too thin, wet a slice or two of bread, press out all excess water, and mash it into the batter. This will help greatly in thickening the batter.

Paneer crumbs, bread crumbs and some melted butter, tossed together form an excellent topping if you run short of cheese, for any baked dishes.

Use tissue papers for reheating fried snacks. Eg. samosa, vada, kachori, bhajji, etc. The paper will absorb the excess oil and moisture and keep the snack crisp. Reheat on high for 1-1 1/2 minute.

Always use the back of a perforated spoon to make the frying puris puff up. Use the non-puffed ones to make chaat, bhel, etc.

To pep leftover farsan which is not getting over, add finely chopped onions, coriander, green chilli and salt, lemon juice, chaat masala. Toss and serve with afternoon tea as a spicy muchy.

Always use a clean pair of kitchen scissors to trim edges of bread. Much neater and less messy edges as compared to those trimmed with a knife.

Always keep a couple of boiled potatoes (skins intact) handy in the fridge. They are very useful

when in a hurry. Either bake them, or make a quick curry, or fry them. Eat them in a sandwich, or just plain with salt and pepper. Stir fry and add spices or make a quick paratha.

Use a pizza cutter to cut rounds into strips for fried noodles, instead of a knife. It is faster and less messy.

For a quick chaat, fry leftover pieces of bread in ghee till crisp. Arrange the pieces in a plate.

Pour curds, salt, red chilli and cumin powders, coriander leaves and green chillies on them. Top with tamarind and jaggery chutney.

To make whiter and crisper potato wafers add some alum crystals and salt to the water in which you drop the wafers for soaking.

To make samosas crisper add some cornflour to the maida for dough.

Use cornflakes as a substitute for sev or papdis. It is available everywhere and give the same crunchiness to a dish, eg. bhel.

If garlic bread is not available, crush a few cloves of garlic to a fine paste, cream it well into some butter. Spread this on slices of bread and toast it. Serve with piping hot soup

SOUTH INDIAN DISHES


Use thick short grained rice for dosa and idli batter where ordinary rice is asked for. This will give a netter texture than using long grained basmati rice.

If the idli sagoo tends to get too watery, add a tbsp. of fine breadcrumbs or 1 tsp. cornflour mixed in 1/4 cup water. Stir well till gravy thickens.

Excess batter may be stored in the fridge for 2-3 days without turning sour. Do not add salt to that batter beforehand, and cover with a plaintain leaf. Add salt and mix a few hours before using.

Never beat idli batter too much just before spooning into moulds. Just spoon as is. The air already incorporated while rising is lost and idlis may not be as soft as they should be.

Grate excess fresh coconut, fill in clean freezer bags, and freeze. After thawing for use, wash with water 2-3 times, for coconut as good as fresh.

Add a cupful of soaked poha to 5 cupfuls of rice soaked for idlis and grind with the rice for softer and lighter idlis.

To break open the coconuts easily (the brown ones..), place them in the refrigerator for 30-60 minutes. This would seperate the shell easily

If your griddle is large enough make many teeny weeny dosas instead of one big one. Top them with a bit of chutney and sandwich them.

Make dosas a little less crisp. Roll in any desired filling like a frankie. Add chutney or jam if desired. Make very tasty rolls.

For those who do not care for a spicy taste, you can sprinkle some grated cheese on the dosa while shallowfrying. Eat with sauce instead of chutney. This will suit the taste of those who are used to bland foods.

Dehydrate the residue of coconut used for coconut milk by drying the sun. This dried flaked coconut can be used in dry chutneys, sweets, masalas, etc.

Add a few drops of lemon juice and 1/2 tsp. ghee while steaming long grain rice (basmati) to make the it whiter and keep the grain unbroken.

SPICES


.
Warm garlic flakes a little either in a microwave or on griddle before peeling, to make the skin come off easily.

Sprinkle salt in tamarind before storing, to keep away the worms. Dry well in sun till a little stiff, cool indoors for few hours and then add salt. 1 fistful to a kilogram of tamarind. Store in airtight plastic or glass container.

Roast cumin seeds on a warm griddle before dry grinding. They will give a better flavour and grind faster.

To keep salt from becoming lumpy in moist climate, add a dash of rice flour to it. Add a few rice grains in the salt shaker.

Microwave fresh mint till dry and crisp. Crush coarsely, mix some salt and chilli powder and chaat masala. Sprinkle over freshly fried papads for that extra tang.

Quickest way to extract pure ginger juice, is to either pound or grate fresh ginger, sprinkle a wee bit of water, and put in a clean muslin cloth. Press out juice with thumb and fingers till only fibre remains.

If dried herbs are used in a recipe, crush them first to release their fragrance.
Adding a little dry rice to sugar while grinding it, will keep it from becoming lumpy.


TIPS TO KEEP VEGETABLES FRESH

To clean the surface of vegetables like potato, radish, sweetpotato, carrots, etc. use a separate plastic scrubber or toothbrush kept for the purpose. Hold under running water and scrub.

When very finely chopped greens or chillies etc. are required in a recipe, use a pair of sharp Scissors instead of a knife. The job will be made faster, more efficient and safe to cut.

Add a few tsps. of milk to cauliflower while boiling to rid it of the raw smell. Drain and wash before adding to the recipe.

Always hold fresh vegetables under running water for a minute, after boiling and draining, to enhance their colour, eg. carrots, greens, peas, etc. Hold in a colander or strainer so that the water passes through.

Add a pinch of soda bicarb to green vegetables while steaming or boiling or cooking in the microwave to retain the fresh green colour.

For use of green like sarson ki bhaji out of season, microwave to dehydrate till crisp. Soak in hot water for half an hour, before proceeding as for fresh bhaji.
Store chopped vegetables in airtight plastic containers in the fridge to keep from browning and drying up.

Add some salt or vinegar drops while washing vegetables and greens to make them clean and germ free, eg. cauliflower, spinach, etc.

Place tomatoes in hot water for 5-7 minutes, before using for easier peeling and better taste in any recipe where tomatoes are required to be cooked.

Add a pinch of turmeric powder to the oil before adding green vegetables. The vegetables will retain their greenness better even after cooking.

Blanch green leafy vegetables ( fenugreek, spinach, etc.) in boiling water for 2 minutes. Hold under cold running water, press out excess water, store in freezer for about 2 weeks without spoiling.

If there is a lot of leftover paneer crumbs, dry in a warm oven. Fry till crisp and store in the fridge. Soften in boiling water, drain and add to thicken gravies of any vegetables and curries.

Wrap potatoes etc. which you may want to bake in the coals, in foil, to retain moisture and also to avoid becoming sooty black.

To bake potatoes crisp and brown, soak the peeled potatoes in hot water for a while, pat dry and pierce all over with a fork before placing them in hot fat along with the roast.

Always soak cauliflower in warm salted water for some time to get rid of the tiny insects sometimes present deep inside the florets and not visible to the eye.

Use chilli oil instead of the ordinary oil, if you want to make the dish spicier.

If you happen to put excess salt in the curry, cut a raw potato into about 10 pieces and drop them into the curry & leave for 15 min. They will absorb the excess salt. Remove the pieces before serving.

To make thick gravy for mutton, chicken or vegetables, grate the onions, squeeze out their juice and brown the onions and the masala. Add the juice as stock, after the onions are brown. The onion flavour is not lost and you don't have to add water to make the gravy.

Add a few methi (fenugreek) seeds to toor dal while pressure cooking. This makes the dal easier to digest.

Use a steel knife instead of iron to cut brinjals, plantains, ladies-fingers and mangoes to avoid blackening.

Pressure cook lots of tomatoes, with adding water to them. Make puree in blender. Strain, cool, freeze in icetrays. When set, remove and fill in freezer polybags. Use cubes as required in recipes

1 BEAUTY TIPS

ENHANCE YOUR OWN NATURAL BEAUTY

Visualization

You need to visualize the specific changes if you truly want to change your look. What will any improvements you make look like? See yourself with a streamlined body, healthier hair, clearer skin, majestic posture. These changes are realistic and attainable. Stay away from goals you'll never reach. Don't compare yourself with someone you've seen on the TV or movie screen or on the cover of a magazine. Accept your uniqueness and capitalize on it.

Mirrors Boost Attitude

The quickest attitude adjustment is through reflection. Women who have low self esteem often avoid mirrors like the plague. However, mirrors can become a big ally. Mirrors can tell you how you're progressing, in those little ways that may not be noticeable to the casual eye. It is the ultimate objective eye.

Look Pretty Amazing

Don't worry about looking pretty. Look pretty amazing show the world you care about yourself. Real beauty celebrates individuality. Rather than running around looking for beauty in pricey external products, discover within yourself. Make the most of what you have. You'll learn to like yourself and that will spark a light within

Find Supportive Friends

What people say, whether intentional or not, make us feel good or bad about ourselves. Look for people who make you feel good when you're down. This person will give you compliment. If you've done something different or if you're wearing something new, they will notice it. Keep this compliments and they will build your self esteem

SKIN CARE

Knowing your skin type is the chief way you can ensure your skin feels and looks its best. Many people, however, get confused when trying to figure out exactly what their skin type is. Skin can be divided into various types according to its texture. It is essential to know what skin type you actually have and using the correct products on your face can really make a difference to those problem areas you may have.

There are five basic skin types. They are

1. Normal skin


2. Dry skin


3. Oily skin


4. Combination skin


5. Sensitive skin

NORMAL SKIN

Normal skin has a fine even texture with a supple and smooth surface. It has a proper balance between oil and moisture contents and is therefore moist and is neither greasy nor dry. The pores of normal skin are small and the overall skin tone is even. It looks clear and does not develop spots and blemishes. The pores of the skin are fine and barely visible. It reflects good health and needs gentle treatment

DRY SKIN

Dry skin has a dry parched appearance and has a tendency to flake easily. It is prone to wrinkles and lines. This is due to the inability to retain moisture as well as the insufficient production of sebum by the sebaceous glands. Dry skin often has problems in cold weather and ages faster than normal or oily skin. Constant protection is very important. It needs a moisturiser during the day and a good cream at night.

OILY SKIN

As its name implies, oily skin is slightly to moderately greasy. This type of skin is caused by the over secretion of sebum making the skin surface oily. The excess oil on the surface of the skin attracts dirt and dust from the environment. Oily skin is also prone to black heads, white heads, spots, pimples and such skin will never be clear. This type of skin needs to be cleansed thoroughly.

COMBINATION SKIN

This type of skin is very common. As the name suggests, it is a combination of both oily and dry skin with certain areas of the face oily and the rest dry. Usually there is a central greasy panel consisting of the forehead, nose and chin and a dry panel consisting of cheeks and the areas around the eyes and mouth. The greasy central panel is referred to as T - Zone. In such cases, each part of the face should be treated accordingly - the dry areas as for dry skin and the central panel as for oily skin and use skin care products made especially for combination skin

SENSITIVE SKIN

This type of skin has a fine texture and is very sensitive to changes in the climate. This skin type show the disadvantages of bleaching, waxing, threading, perfumes temperature extremes, soap etc and for men sun, perfumes, shaving cream etc. People with this skin type should avoid products with dyes, perfumes, or unnecessary chemical ingredients that may irritate the skin.

SKIN CARE

CLEANSING

Cleansing is the first essential step in your daily skin care routine.
Cleansing the face 2-3 times a day; is adequate for normal skin. If your skin is oily a more frequent cleansing i.e. 4-5 times a day is necessary. If your skin is dry it is best to avoid frequent washing and you may have to use a suitable oil-based cosmetic cleanser instead of soap, which has a dry effect.

Freshening

The skin care products include cosmetics like skin fresheners, toners and astringents which basically contains alcohol and water. These products are used after cleansing the skin to freshen and tone up the skin, they also restore the acid/ alkali balance of the skin. Having cleansed, wipe away any last traces of dirt or oil with a skin freshener or toner (cleansing milk) which suits your skin type. Non alcoholic freshener are for dry and sensitive skin. Those with alcohol (astringent) are for oily skin. People with combination skin should use toner and astringent

Protecting

The sun, is the environmental factor that is most harmful to the health and appearance of the skin. Ultraviolet radiation from sunlight can cause permanent damage to the skin. It can cause the skin to sag, lose elasticity and form wrinkles. Severe sunburn can even cause skin cancer.
Sunscreen and foundation protects the skin against the damaging ultraviolet rays. It also shields your face from direct contact with dirt or pollutants in the air and helps the skin against loosing its necessary moisture.
Sunscreen's come in lotions and creams. A sunscreen with the sun protection factor (SPF) of number 15 can block most of the sun's ultraviolet radiations before it can damage the skin. The SPF number indicates the length of time, the product will protect the skin. Sunscreen's should be applied at least 10 minutes before you go out in the sun.